My Future Essay Example for Free

My Future EssayIn the future I see myself studying The Natural Science Program, hopefully with a friend through my long time in High School. After school I want to study into becoming a doctor, probably in another country than Sweden, hopefully France, which allow be interesting. It will probably take up a lot of my free time but it will be worth it in the end. I will probably study alongside a friend, having him as my roommate which hopefully will make my studies enjoyable. Hopefully Ill have a dishy girlfriend eon Im studying to encourage me alongside my mother. I wouldnt wish well to get married until Im like 25 years old, any younger I would consider it kind of weird and I would want to enjoy the bachelor life a while before getting married On my spare time I would go out and meet approximately French girls and hang out with some friends.Id like my life to be adventurous and fun, but that would be kind of hard to pass on due to the fact that studying to a doctor would t ake up a lot of my time. After I have achieved the job as a doctor or if I achieve it I will buy a nice house and a nice car that hopefully will attract girls. When or if I move around a father I do not want to become the over protective type just because of the fact that I dont like when my parents behave that way for me, but I will set some boundaries. But of course I also know that it is for my own best, they do it because they love me.

Behavioural Approach Essay Example for Free

Behavioural Approach EssayThe behavioural get suggests that solely behaviour is learnt. This includes abnormal behaviours. Behaviours can be learned through classical conditioning, operant conditioning or modelling.Ivan Pavlov discovered classical conditioning, where eruditeness results from the association of stimuli with inborn reflex responses. Classical conditioning can be used to explain the development of many abnormal behaviours, including phobias, anxiety disorders and taste aversions. An example of how classical conditioning top executive result in a phobia is the case of Little Albert. In an experiment carried out by Watson and Rayner, a 11 month old male child called little Albert was taught to fear a white rat through associating it with a loud noise, a symbol behind his head. Each time he vie with the rat the symbol would be hit which answerd him to cry. Eventually he would do so even without the noise due to the classical conditioning theory.This research however, would non receive approval from an ethics committee today because it would be seen as unethical. Making the baby cry deliberately and teaching him to fear the rat would be seen as wrong because it could cause distress and would go against little Alberts human rights.The theory of operant conditioning was proposed by Skinner. Operant conditioning involves learning from the consequences of actions. Actions which confound a right upshot through positive reinforcement (reward) or negative reinforcement (removal of something bad) will be repeated. Actions which take a leak a bad outcome (punishment) will not be repeated.Operant conditioning explains how abnormal behaviours might be maintained. This could be through positive reinforcement behaviours which have a good outcome by bringing some sort of reward are said to be positively reinforced. On the other hand it could be set down to negative reinforcement which is behaviours which have a good outcome by removing somethin g unpleasant are said to be negatively reinforced.Finally, abnormal behaviours could also be learnt through modelling or social learning, which is learning through observation of an individual. What happens is simply an individual models the behaviour and the observer imitates the model.A strength of the behavioural approach is that it can be experimentally well-tried. The principles of learning have been and continue to be tested empirically in a laboratory. The focus on observable behaviour means it can be objectively measured.A further strength is that unlike the psychodynamic approach, it doesnt require delving into the past, which is problematic because it could unearth traumatic experiences which can cite unreliable data.However, those who support the psychodynamic approach suggests the behavioural model only focuses on symptoms, not on the underlying causes of abnormal behaviour. Freudians claim it treats the symptoms while ignoring the root cause of the problem. Therefore it cannot work as the problem will just represent itself with different symptoms.Whereas, the biological approach cannot explain cultural differences in abnormality such as culture-bound syndromes, a strength of the behavioural approach is that it can account for this because It accounts for cultural differences because it recognises the importance of the environment in shaping behaviour.While behavioural treatments are often effective for certain disorders such as obsessive-compulsive disorder and phobias, they have not been found to be effective for many other disorders and have also often been criticised for beingness unethical because treatment is often painful and uncomfortable and is sometimes imposed on individuals without their consent.The behavioural approach is accused of being reductionist and simplistic. This is because its a simple approach with connections of stimulus. It neglects the influence of cognitions (The mental action or process of acquiring knowledge and un derstanding through intellection and experience).A further limitation is that much behaviourist research involves animal studies. While behaviourists contend that humans are fundamentally the same as non-human animals, others would argue that the greater complexity of the human mind makes it difficult to generalise findings from animal studies to humans.Overall the behaviourist approach shows all behaviour to be learnt through our experiences. It states that this learning can either be learnt through classical or operant condition and also the social learning theory. It can be experimentally tested and proven which makes the approach credible however it can be seen just to treat the symptoms of a abnormal behaviour rather than looking at the cause.

General Strain Theory (GST) Application to Rehabilitation

commonplace Strain Theory (GST) Application to RehabilitationAbstractA astonishing number of blacks are incarcerated for a miscellany of criminal offences. Without having to review criminal statistics, Afro-Americans appear to lack the ability to adapt and/or beseem productive members of hostel compared to other races incarcerated. This is more than a stereotype and coincidence, other countries besides the United States have documented this phenomenon. Applying Agnews (1992) General Strain Theory (GST) to the aroused and neighborly psychological development of African-Americans, society may better understand the motive, causation, and circumstances of crime pertaining to the African-American criminal model process. I hypothesize this thought process to be a psychological condition requiring identification and intervention by the criminal justice system and correctional facilities. Investigation started by analyzing strains upon the African-American culture dilate afterwar ds the treatment of psychologically ill African-American inmates as find by the General Strain Theory and current physiological testing. A variety of social programs is available with positive interpersonal exposure and rebuilding of social skills/mindset, rehabilitating inmates to recognize, understand, and cope with strain.General Strain Theory and Rehabilitation of Mentally Ill African-American InmatesA staggering number of African-Americans are incarcerated for a variety of criminal offences. Without having to review criminal statistics, African-Americans appear to lack the ability to adapt and/or become productive members of society compared to other races incarcerated. This is more than a stereotype and coincidence, other countries besides the United States have documented this phenomenon.Applying Agnews (1992) General Strain Theory (GST) to the emotional and social psychological development of African-Americans, society may better understand the motive, causation, and circ umstances of crime pertaining to the African-American criminal thought process. I hypothesize this thought process to be a psychological condition requiring identification and intervention by the criminal justice system and correctional facilities.Investigation started by analyzing strains upon the African-American culture detailing afterwards the treatment of intellectually ill African-American inmates as observed by the General Strain Theory and current physiological testing. A variety of social programs is available with positive interpersonal exposure and rebuilding of social skills/mindset, rehabilitating inmates to recognize, understand, and cope with strain.Literature ReviewKaufman, Rebellon, Thaxton, and Agnew (2008) produced an informative article that use Agnews General Strain Theory to analyzing the motivational processes of African-Americans, beyond era, sex, or community, which leads them to criminal activity. This article evaluated the lives of African-Americans in t otality and hypothesized a lack of coping mechanisms and outlets for daily and beastly stresses or strains.A considerable amount of statistical information contained herein was gathered from various web sites and journals. The U.S. division of Justice (2006, 2007) and the U.S. subdivision of Labor (2008) quiet facts pertaining to crimes and the races in which they occurred within. While Elliott Voss (1974), Williams Gold (1972) did non find significant racial crime connections, Kelley, Huizinga, Thornberry, Loeber (1997) with Snyder Sickmund (2006) show uped recents were prone to violence. Broadhurst and Tonry (1997) with Doone (2000) confirmed that other countries besides the United States reckond rarefied criminal and correctional issues with indigenous populations of African-American decent. African-American plight can be traced back to mid-19th century by Du Bois (1899, 1904), Hawkins (1995).Without the contributions of Hirschi (1969), Akers (1998), (Cohen Felson, 1979) and others, theories such as the lifestyle theory, Walters (2005, 2007) evil Thinking Styles, and Dolls Ajzens (1992) theory of Planned Behavior, a comparative analysis would be incomplete. Credit must also go to Scobbie, Wyke, Dixon, (2009), Birgden (2004), Fallot (2001), Condelli, Bradigan, Holanchock, (1997) for contributing their knowledge and research utilise in this report exploring mentally illnesses. woeful StatisticsAfrican-Americans have unwarrantedly represented a majority of the criminals in the U.S. since the mid-19th century (Du Bois, 1899, 1904 Hawkins, 1995). In 2006, the U.S. population was comprised of approximately 13% African-Americans, however they accounted for 28% of all offence arrests, 39.3% of violent crimes, 56.3% of robberies, and 50.9% of homicides (U.S. Department of Justice, 2007).The U.S. Department of Justice (2006) reported that victims perceived 25.3% of singular criminals and 33.9% of criminals in multiple offender developments to be A frican-American according to the most recent statistics from the National Crime Victimization Survey. In robberies, offenders were perceived as African-American 47.7% of the time and 22% of the time with assaults (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006). Disregarding the fact of perceived or speculative information obtained under the high stress of a criminal act by a victim, victimization data continued to parallel current arrest data.Early self-reports did not convey significant findings between race and crime (Elliott Voss, 1974 Williams Gold, 1972), but recent reports show youths prone to violence (Kelley, Huizinga, Thornberry, Loeber, 1997 Snyder Sickmund, 2006). Canada, New Zealand, and Australia also report abnormally high offenders from indigenous populations and African-Americans decent (Broadhurst, Tonry, 1997 Doone, 2000). Accounting for bias and secernment, the overwhelming statistics of African-Americans to other races incarcerated do not coincide.General Strain TheoryTh e GST offers an exemplary causation explanation of social and environmental factors contributing to African-American delinquency. The GST examines disproportional stressors/strains upon African-Americans as causations of criminal bearing whereas kindred theories only provide for ostracize sociological (Hirschi, 1969) or poor acquaintance associations (Akers, 1998). Typically, hypotheses focus upon one factor as the causation of delinquency, the GST accounts for multiple strains upon an individual to inform criminal behavior.A broad range of strains, according to Agnew (1992), can occur from failures or removal from positive outcomes, or the anticipation of negative stimuli, could possibly response in a criminal action to pacify the emotional trigger. Recent empirical testing showed strain and anger influencing violence (Agnew, 2006 Mazerolle Piquero, 1997 Mazerolle, Burton, Cullen, Evans Payne, 2000). African-American may experience higher levels of strain compared to other r aces, but it does inevitably conclude in crime. Variables such as coping skills, social support, and mental conditioning of an individual entrust for escape from and defusing strain. Individuals whom possess exemplary social control (Hirschi, 1969) or whom do not associate with delinquent social circles (Akers, 1998) will be little likely to utilize criminal activity to cope with strain.Predominate StrainsAgnew (2001) recently clarified strain is most conducive to crime when it was viewed as unjust e.g. excessive discipline, criminal victimization, and unpredictable parental supervision, particularly when combined with economic, educational, criminal, and discriminatory strains. These types of strains create the conditions for coping to occur through criminal activity.Economic strains are prevalent amongst African-American communities with African-Americans likely to be of lower class income employed in the secondary labor market or unemployed (Conley, 2000 DeNavas-Walt, Proctor, Smith, 2007 Gittleman Wolff, 2004 Sullivan, 1998 U.S. Department of Labor, 2008). Robbery is the highest crime disproportionally observed among the African-American culture (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006, 2007) and possibly explains the situational need for supplemental income. Economic strain can be potentially interrupted as unjust, blamable upon society, and other external factors beyond an individuals control, contributing to the continued plight of the African-American culture.Family, educational, criminal, victimization, secernment, and community strains rank amongst the top stressors of the African-American culture next to economic strain. These strains are so prevalent in occurrence it is understandable and reasonable to conclude there is little escape or relief from these strains.Family strain is contributed to residency in strip areas, economics, secondary labor employment, and diminished family bonds contribute to the probability of poor parenting practices e.g. in appropriate/inconsistent discipline (Agnew et al., 2000 Patterson Fergatch, 1990 Patterson, Reid, Dishion, 1992). This breakdown can contribute to diminished parental bonds with children with juvenile delinquency becoming the strain relief mechanism (Agnew et al, 2000 McLoyd, 1990 Patterson, 1982).U.S. school systems contain a percentage of educators with low expectations of lower class student success (Cooper Moore, 1995) with the post of students, according to race, in lower educational programs without consideration of the individuals academic ability (Irvine York, 1993). This is a considerable strain upon developing African-American youths. Low rate educational programs alone effectively lessen mental development. These educational programs contain inferior curricula (Epps, 1995 Oakes, 1985). Associated/resulting from substandard educational practices of African-Americans are poor grades, unfair discipline, and poor/negative interpersonal relations with educators and studen ts contributing to strain. These strains are observable with white students attending minority-segregated schools as their academic scores reflect substandard grades compared to white students in predominately-white schools (Bankston III Caldas, 1996).Criminal victimization pertains to crimes committed against African-Americans as compared to other races. Victimization amongst African-American compared to whites was 37.3% higher (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006) with 49.5% accounting for murder and non-negligent manslaughter (U.S. Department of Justice, 2007) of which 58% of murders occur before the age of 30 (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006). African-American children between the ages of 12-19 experienced violent crimes such as murder, rape, or robbery, 48% higher than white children of the same age (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006). The burglary rate of African-American households was 22.4% higher than whites (U.S. Department of Justice, 2006). Regardless of location, inner ci ty or suburbia, the levels of victimization are consistent among African-Americans (Logan Stults, 1999).Discrimination is a strong negative that African-Americans experience frequently compared to whites and on many levels such as buying a house, car, seeking employment, education, or walking down the street (Ayres Siegelman, 1995 Farrell Jones, 1988 Feagin, 1991 Forman et. al., 1997 Kirschenman Neckerman, 1991 Yinger, 1995). African-Americans reported discrimination 34% greater than whites with 70% of African-Americans discriminated against at least once in their lifetime (Forman, Williams, Jackson, 1997). Discrimination may be the most conductive of strains eliciting negative emotions and crime-provoking behavior (Agnew, 2001). Homicide rates, at the micro level, were related to discrimination (Messner, 1989) with high rates of crime amongst African-Americans in racially segregated locales (Messner South, 1986 Shihadeh Flynn, 1996). At the micro level, positive associations existed between discrimination and juvenile delinquency (Simons et al., 2003). Negative experiences with law enforcement officers include discrimination (Miller, 1996), with frequent contact in high crime locals with unfavorable experiences (Parker, Onyekwuluje, and Murty, 1995). African-Americans were shot and killed more a lot by police officers compared to whites (Walker, Spohn, DeLone, 2000). While this fact showed negatively upon police officers, it also showed the high frequency in which African-Americans have extreme negative contacts with police officers.General Strain Theory and the Mentally IllThe Encyclopedia Britannica (2010) defines a mental disorder as, anyillnesswith significant psychological or behavioral manifestations that is associated with either a tremendous or distressing symptom or an impairment in one or more important areas of functioning. Disregarding recognizable mental illnesses such as schizophrenia cannot a majority of the African-Americans incarce rated be classified as having a mental illness? African-Americans, over years of mental strain, may suffer from and command support rebuilding and coping skills with coping resources and social support (Agnew, 1992). Problem solving competences with self-esteem and self-efficacy guidance may help to reduce and recover from the effect of strain (Agnew, 1992).Utilization of tests such as the Psychological Inventory of Criminal Thinking Styles (Walters, 2005) or the Theory of Planned Behavior (Doll Ajzen, 1992) may help in determining emotional distress, worldview, and criminal thinking methods of African-Americans. The state of New York employ the Wilcoxon test to assess psychological changes (Ward, Bradigan, Holanchock, 1997) finding intermediate care programs containing professionals such as clinical psychologists, social workers, and occupational/recreational therapists served to avoid hospitalizing inmates via therapy (e.g. group recreational therapy, skill training, educati onal/vocational instruction, and crisis intervention). Religious recovery described by Fallot (2001) utilized spirituality as a potentially positive role in psychiatric rehabilitation.Scobbie, Wyke, and Dixon (2009) reviewed goal-setting theories to identify those that offer the best potential results in clinical practice. Scobbie, Wyke, and Dixon (2009) cogitate five main theories of social cognitive theory, goal setting theory, health action process approach, proactive coping theory, and self-regulatory model of illness behavior showed results in patient outcomes. These theories can overlap and intertwine to help identify issues and aid in rehabilitation.The common theme pertaining to rehabilitation of inmates, mentally ill or not, starts with recognizing a mental illness. While prisons are for punishment, the treatment of psychological illnesses starts with recognition by the correctional facility or guards. Birgden (2004) stated the use of correctional staff is subservient as p otential therapeutic agents (p. 283) with rehabilitation programs depending upon correctional officers support. The chance to deter future criminal activity depends upon the criminals will to succeed with the guidance of councilors and therapy.Seriously mental ill inmates account for 8% to 20% of state prison inmates hailing approximately $245 million with county estimates placed at approximately 7.2% to 15% with a cost of $58.4 million. Conservative overall estimate of approximately $1.2 billion to $1.8 billion went towards the care of inmates in the state of California in 1993-1994 (Izumi, Schiller, Hayward, 1996). The number and costs associated with the care of mentally ill inmates could be considerable lowered with the proper application of intermediate care programs to recognize and rehabilitate criminals.ConclusionTheorists typically suggest inadequate culture as one of the overall causations of deviance behavior (Bandura, 1969). There are a number of theories psychologist s consider when classifying and diagnosing mental illnesses e.g. psychodynamic theories, operant conditioning, moral development, and social learning theory. The rational choice theory states criminals make a conscious, rational, and at least partially (Schmalleger, 2006, p.118) while the lifestyle theory states criminal thinking is hierarchically organized and that certain features of an individuals general world view should correspond with specific criminal thinking styles (Walters, 2007, p. 184). The general choice theory utilizes many factors aforementioned, evaluating strain specifically upon the African-American culture.Care of African-American mental illness, while incarcerated, requires substantial emotional and possibly professional treatment and support. Correctional guards are the first step in recognizing and referring strained African-Americans requiring professional guidance, and to aid in the rehabilitation process with positive interactions and socializations. Realis tically, lesser needs may go untreated due to priority inmates with atrocious psychiatric needs. Cases with lesser, treatable, mental conditions can go untreated (Olley, Nicholls, Brink, 2009). While severe patients take priority, the needs of lesser cases should be the primary focus of correctional facilities. The recess of the criminal behavioral cycle is the focus of such rehabilitation programs.Currently there is no catchall racial explanation for the causation of crime or mental conditioning amongst African-American Kaufman, Rebellon, Thaxton, and Agnew (2008) suggested the GST offered an additional and complementary explanation that highlights the importance of emotional and motivational social psychological processes (p. 432).

The Case Of Ryanair In Airlines Commerce Essay

The Case Of Ryanair In Airlines Commerce EssayThis case is about Ryanair which is the first budget air hose in the europium headed by Michael OLeary who was the CEO of Ryanair. The case further explains how Ryanair the most profitable skyway faced various challenges during the time period of 2004 to 2007 including the backdrop of the European air passage pains. principal(prenominal) objectives of this assignment argon to extend recommendations to senior management team of Ryanair with st outrankgic choices and recommend reinvigorated strategic initiatives and areas for improving strategy implementation. In order to action those objectives a strategic outline of environment, industry as well as the inside performances of Ryanair forget be conducted.3.1 About RyanairRyanair was founded by Ryan family in 1985. It has changed from a richly service conventional airline to the budget airline segment with the great turbulence they had faced in 1990. Now it has become the world s most profitable airline.Ryanairs explosive charge statement Ryanair will become Europes most profitable lowest damage airline by rolling out our proven low-fare-no-frills service in all markets in which we operate, to the benefit of our passengers, people, and shareholders (Mayer, 2007)It is workable to identify Ryanairs current business scope from that statement. (Thompson Strickland, 2003) They are the Europes most profitable low salute airline who provides low cost no frill services to their clients who are according to (Mayer, 2007) inwardly Europe and price-sensitive with a lower income train or former(a) preferences and little willing to pay for the add-on services onboard. tally to (Strategy, n.d) Ryanairs main objective is to firmly establish itself as Europes leading low-fares scheduled passenger airline by continued improvements and expanded offerings of its low fares service. Their other objectives includes providing best customer service, providing point to p oint short haul routes to secondary airports around major population destinations and kick the bucket destinations at the lowest possible cost by lowering the operating cost. According to the case they have some future growth plans also.Critical IssuesIt is possible to identify numerous comminuted issues when analysing the case. Among them main issues would be high customer dissatisfaction and poor labour relations. Other issues may include failure to acquire their Irish rival Aer Lingus, announcement of its CEO Michael OLeary to leave the organisation.Models and Theories UsedTo psychoanalyse the macro-environment of European aviation industry, PESTEL abridgment, Porters Diamond model and strategy drivers of globalisation will be used. European aviation industry and especially the low cost airline industry will be analysed using Porters Five Forces model and Strategic pigeonholing method. by and by analysing orthogonal environment, internal outline of Ryanair will be conduc ted using VRIO model and Porters Value Chain analysis. Finally a SWOT analysis will be done to review the findings.External Environment depth psychologyOrganizations do not operate in a vacuum. It is been affected and affects the environments in which it operates and so the strategy of an organization. In a highly competitive market it is necessary to analyse the environment an organization operates and assess the impact to its strategy. Finally this analysis would lead to identify opportunities and threats that are facing by the organisation.When analysing the external environment it can be divided into 2 parts, macro-environment and industry environment.Macro-EnvironmentAccording to (Thompson Strickland, 2003) macro-environment consists of all relevant forces outside an organisation and those factors are far beyond the control of the organisation. Since they have a big impact on an organisations strategy, analysis is very important.6.1.1 PESTELMacro-environment can be analysed us ing the PESTEL analysis. It helps to identify each(prenominal) factor of macro-environment and its effects on the industry in which an organisation operates. This includes the following components (PESTEL analysis of the macro-environment, 2007)P Political This analyses how political decisions, government policies, etc affects businesses.E Economic This considers scotch factors corresponding interest rates, taxation, and economic growth.S Social This analyses how changes in social life styles affects demands and businessesT Technological Technology is changing and improving faster. It affects businesses in many ways. New technology can be used to improve product quality and reduce costs. Also new technology creates new products and markets.E environmental This considers the environmental factors like climate changes, and impact of industrial outputs on the environmentL Legal This relates to the legal environment in an organisation operates.Detailed analysis of the PES TEL analysis for Ryanairs external macro-environment and key drivers for changes including environment created opportunities and threats is included under vermiform process 16.1.2 Globalisation Drivers of StrategyA detailed analysis of how globalisation created opportunities and pressure aviation industry to go international especially in Europes context is conducted under Appendix 2.(Jatuliaviciene Kuanskiene, 2006)6.1.3 Porters DiamondThis model has been developed by Michael Porter to comprehend the competitive position or advantages that certain nations or geographic regions posses in global competition.According to this model certain nations possess competitive advantages over other nations as an outcome of the combination of interlinked advanced activities or factors between related companies in a geographic location. As this model explains governments play an important graphic symbol in possessing competitive advantage through proactive actions. (Diamond model Michael Po rter, 2010)(Diamond model Michael Porter, 2010)According to (Diamond model Michael Porter, 2010) Porter has identified factors for competitive advantages for regions or countries as follows.1. family Strategy, Structure and Rivalry2. Demand Conditions3. Related Support Industries4. Factor ConditionsA detailed analysis of how Europe possessed competitive advantage for aviation industry as a region and how it created opportunities for Ryanair is analysed under Appendix 3.Industry EnvironmentTraditionally after conducting a macro-environmental analysis industry analysis is conducted to analyse the level of competition a business likely to face. (The Industry Environment Analysis, n.d)According to (Pearce Robinson, 2005) the level of competition within an industry is depends upon 5 factors. Profitability of an industry is set(p) by the collective strength of those forces. Those can be analysed using the Porters Five Forces model.Porters Five Forces(The Industry Environment Analysis , n.d)According to Porter competitive forces are as followsThe threat of entry of new competitors.The seriousness of the threat of entrance of new competitors depends on the barriers presents in a incident industry. If barriers of entry are high and the new comer expects high reactions from active firms, new firm will think twice before entering. Some barriers to entry are as follows economies of scale, product variantiation, capital requirement. (Pearce Robinson, 2005)The bargaining power of buyers.When buyers have more power than sellers they can force down the price and thereby affecting the profitability of an industry. (Aaker, 2005)The bargaining power of suppliers.In situations like when suppliers sell for too many customers and when the supplier switching cost is high from the buyers perspective the bargaining power of suppliers can be high.(Aaker, 2005)The threat of substitutes.Firms from different industries can have close competition if their products substitute each other. According to (Thompson Strickland, 2003) competitive pressure from substitute products depends on factors like price of substitutes are attractive, whether substitutes provide satisfactory performance, etc.The Rivalry among competitors in the industry.According to (Aaker, 2005) intense of competition from existing competitors depends on factors like, the number of competitors, their size, similarity of their product offerings and strategies, high fixed costs of businesses and existence of high exit barriers.A detailed analysis of Porters Five Forces model and how each force impact the profitability of the Ryanairs industry which is low cost airline industry is conducted under appendix 4.6.2.2 Industry Life Cycle AnalysisLife cycle stage strongly affects the industry growth rate (Thompson Strickland, 2003). Organisations will have to change their strategy when they move from different stages of life cycle. Analysis of Europes aviation industry is included in Appendix 5.6.2. 3 Strategic GroupingAccording to (Thompson Strickland, 2003) a strategic group consists of those rival firms with similar competitive techniques and positions in the market. Using strategic group concept can help analysis of competitors in an industry. Reducing the number of competitors into manageable groups certainly make it easier the analysis than analysing large number of competitors (Aaker, 2005). Appendix 6 contains a strategic groping lay out for the aviation industry in Europe.6.2.4 Key Success Factors AnalysisAccording to (Thompson Strickland, 2003) KSF are prerequisites to success in a particular industry. They can include particular strategy element, product attribute, choices, competencies, competitive capabilities. KSF can be identified from the industry analysis. A detailed analysis of KSFs of budget air line industry in Europe is provided under Appendix 7.6.3 EFAS (External Factors Analysis Summery)According to (Fletcher, 2003) after finding main external factors that can affect a business by conducting external environmental analysis EFAS table will be used to organize those factors into opportunities and threats and round the perceived importance of particular factors. Ryanairs EFAS is attached in Appendix 8. indwelling Environment AnalysisAn internal analysis is a must to identify organisational strengths and weaknesses which are essential in strategy formulation. (Pearce Robinson, 2005) Understanding business in prudence is the goal of an internal analysis. This analysis would have more emphasis on the analysis of performances. (Aaker, 2005) Internal analysis can begins with analysis of pecuniary performances.Financial PerformancesAccording to (Pearce Robinson, 2005) there are four basic groups of financial ratios. Those include liquidity ratio, leverage ratio, activity ratio and profitability ratio.Liquidity Ratios these ratios are used to measure whether organization is in a good position to meet its short end point obligations .Leverage Ratios this ratio is used to identify the firms kickoff of capital each owners or outside creditors. According to (Pearce Robinson, 2005) the most used leverage ratio is total debt divided by total assets. Total debt includes current liabilities and long term liabilities.Activity Ratios these are to be used to analyse whether an organisation utilizes its resources effectively or not. According to (Pearce Robinson, 2005) it is possible to establish an organisations efficiency of its operations by analyse revenues with the resources used to generate them.Profitability Ratios According to (Pearce Robinson, 2005) profitability is the final result of larger number of strategies and decisions made by an organisations management. The profit margin is calculated by the widely used ratio of return on sales (ROS). And other useful ratio is ROI (return on investment).Financial analysis of Ryanair is attached under Appendix 9.Resources and Capabilities analysisThe difference between resources and capabilities is defined by (Gallagher, 2004) as resources, what companies have, versus capabilities, things companies can do.Resources and capabilities can take many forms they range from tangibles to intangibles, examples may include plant and equipments, financial resources, technology a company posses, brand and reputation and even expertise an organization posses. (Gallagher, 2004)According to (Fletcher, 2003) tangible resources can be listed in the balance tag end and they become rarely competitive advantages because of their nature and intangible resources can often play big role in competitive advantage creation. In there the organisational capabilities are defined as complex combinations of both tangible and intangible resources. According to (Thompson Strickland, 2003) a companys competencies become a meaningful competitive capability customers foster them as valuable and beneficial.Core competencies are resources and capabilities that serve as a so urce of competitive advantage over rivals. (Internal Analysis Competencies, 2009)Ryanairs resources and capabilities analysis is included in Appendix 10.VRIO analysis and Competitive AdvantagesThis model says that in order core competencies and resources to become sustainable competitive advantages for an organisation, they should have characteristics as follows (Gallagher, 2004)Valuable A resource will become valuable if it can help the organisation to face threat or capitalize on an opportunity. Most importantly those should be determine by customers.Rare If resources are scarce or they are not available to an organisations competitors they become rare resources.Inimitable This means that resources cannot be easily imitated or substituted. Usually intangible resources or capabilities like a good brand image cannot easily be imitated.Organized There is no use from a valuable resource if it is not well utilized by the organisation. Therefore it should be very well organized to be utilized.A complete analysis of Ryanairs resources and competencies using the VRIO model to identify Ryanairs competitive advantages is included under Appendix 11.Value Chain AnalysisValue chain proposed by Michael Porter analyses systematically the series of activities an organisation performs to provide products or services to customers (Pearce Robinson, 2005). A firm can achieve competitive advantage over their competitors by performing these strategically important activities better than competitors.According to (Gallagher, 2004) many processes that are identified in value chain analysis can be a potential source of VRIO resources.(Morrison, 2007)Major categories of activities are grouped in to primary activities and support activities. Primary activities help directly the physical creation of products where support activities provide inputs or root to help primary activities to take on ongoing basis. Primary activities that are identified by this model are as follows (Pea rce Robinson, 2005)Inbound logistics activities that are associated with receiving, storing inputs to employmentOperations activities related to transforming inputs into productsOutbound Logistics activities that are related to distributing products towards customersMarketing/Sales activities associated with informing customers to encourage the purchasingService Activities that undertake once products are change to customers to enhance or maintain the value of products.Support activities that are identified by this model are as follows (Pearce Robinson, 2005)Procurement activities that are done within the firm to provide inputs across entire value chainTechnology development activities that are done to improve the product as well as the way each activity is performedHuman resource management activities conducted in order to ensure the availability of human resources to each primary activity.Infrastructure activities like accounting, management that are essential to perf orm all activities in the value chain.Value chain analysis of Ryanair is included in Appendix 12.IFAS (Internal Factor Analysis Summary)According to (Fletcher, 2003) after finding main internal factors that can affect the current and future competitiveness by conducting internal analysis of an organisation, IFAS table will be used to organize those factors into strengths and weaknesses and measure the perceived importance of particular factors. IFAS of Ryanair is included in Appendix 13.SWOT AnalysisAccording to the findings of external and internal environment analysis SWOT analysis would be as follows.StrengthsStrong brand image (as the first budget operator and number one in the budget industry)Web site (enabled them to on line bookings, promotions)Financial strengthLow cost strategyAdvantages of economies of scale and experience curveInnovative promotional techniques used at a lower costSame fleet of airplanesNew more in force(p) airplanesWeaknessesCustomer dissatisfaction uneq ual quality of servicesPoor employee relationsDecrease in employee moraleSome secondary airports are too far from city centresOpportunitiesBudget airline market is growinggross generation from ancillary servicesWeb site can be turn into a revenue generatorCan apply low cost no frill into long haulSpread their business to more countriesIncrease customer baseAcquisition of Aer Lingus is a growth opportunityThreats bail issues like terrorist actRapid increase in oil price and unpredictable fluctuationsIntense rivalry among competitorsChanges in customer demographicsPressure from environmental security measure groupsCostly new EU regulationsConclusionRyanair as the most profitable airline in the world and the number one budget sector airline in the Europe is not without facing any challenges as it is the nature of the highly competitive modern business world. It was possible to identify many critical issues that were facing by Ryanair like high customer dissatisfaction and poor labour relations and many other threats which are externally created when analysing the case.Macro-environment, industry and internal analyses were conducted to analyse the current situation of Ryanair. From the external environment analysis it was possible to identify many opportunities that were created by the environment like growth in the budget airline industry in Europe and opportunities created by internet, etc. Also they were facing many threats like new EU regulation, environmental concerns, fluctuating oil prices and terrorism threats.Further from the internal environment analysis it was possible to identify number of strengths that are possessed by Ryanair like strong brand image, their financial strengths, efficient operations, etc and their weaknesses like customer dissatisfaction, poor employee relations, etc.In the analysis it was found that there is a huge growth potential in Europe and they could successfully win over the competition if they utilize their strengths like b rand image and financial strength to beat competition and if they can minimize weaknesses like customer dissatisfaction there will be no chance to competitors like easyJet to outperform Ryanair.Therefore it can be said that the management of Ryanair needs to consider adjusting their existing strategies or if required formulate new strategies to capitalize on the opportunities using their strengths and more importantly to minimize the weaknesses and face externally created threats using their available strengths and opportunities.

The Impact Of The Olympics And Paralympics Tourism Essay

The Impact Of The Olympics And Paralympics Tourism EssayThe aim of this search is to identify the involve of the Olympics and Paralympics on tourism in capital of the United Kingdom, illustrating environmental, economical and tender effects. Firstly, the essay leave behind assert how the Olympics affected the environment, even though in 2005 capital of the United Kingdom engaged to stage the greenest games in history. Moreover, the influence of the games upon the economy will be underlined, delimitate both, positive and negative aspects regarding the host of the Olympics. Furtherto a greater extent, the affable effects of the 2012 Olympic Games will be examined, emphasizing the evolution of not only East capital of the United Kingdom athletic field and the main tourist tendernesss during the summer of 2012, but of the entire city. This essay will argue that the Olympics and Paralympics had both positive and negative aspects, having an important influence upon capital of the United Kingdom and do changes in economy, society and environment.Londons 2012 Olympics and Paralympics had a strong impact against the environment. The environment protection played one of the decisive parts of Londons bid for the games, London planning since July 2005 to stage the greenest games in history. The main concept of the games was One Planet Olympics, London concentrating on minimising the nose candy emissions, on biodiversity, lavishness and advertising the protection of the environment against pollution. First of altogether, for the low carbon emissions, London planned to reduce the venues construction, using the existing legacy as the official website of the Olympics declaredFurthermore, the new venues built, the Olympic Stadium, the Velodrome and the Aquatics Centre were energy-efficient, created to be sustainable as far as possible. In addition to reduce the carbon emissions footprint, London promoted public transport, offering one day travel pass to ein truthon e who bought a ticket for the games and also tried to instigate people to go to the Olympics cycling or walking with the aid of the Active Travel programme as it was written in The Independent newspaperThe environment impact was significant, even though all the measures were taken to host completely sustainable games. Thereby, the initial target of the planning committee of London Olympics was to use only renewable energy to minimise the carbon emissions. Even if the original purpose was to stage the most sustainable games, they were not entirely sustainable, though the 2012 Olympics had certainly a considerable less impact against the environment than any other Olympic Games in the history. The wind tunnels were also an important plan of the committee, helping to supply approximately 20% of the energy demanded for the games, but at last this measure was not taken. The results of the target were harsh criticised by Darren Johnson, one of the members of London Assembly Green Party w ho stated in the BBC newsEven if in great measure the Olympics affected Londons environment, they had positive effects too, causing important changes in the environment. The most significant positive change that happened was the waterways dredging. They invested in a multi-million pound programme for dredging the waterways near the Olympic Park, which helped to develop the wildlife, but also improved the water quality. The dredging programme helped to remove tonnes of garbage, as the study From browned to Green of the Olympic Delivery Authority concludedMoreover, another well known project, which helped to improve the environment was Green Clean-up, which cleaned a huge area around the Olympic Park. Hundreds of thousands of soil were purified by The soil Hospital cleaning it from contaminants and transforming it into material which could be re-used.Economy has likewise suffered many changes, 2012 Olympics and Paralympics having a huge impact upon Londons economy. One of the most important impact that the games had on London economy was creating new jobs. It was announced by the government that per total, approximately 30.000 new jobs will be created from 2009 to 2012. An essential change that helped boosting the economy was building the new shop Center, Westfield Stratford City next to Olympic Park. By opening a new shopping centre in such a poor area like Stratford provided thousands of new jobs, but also transformed one of the poorest areas into a main attraction zone for tourists as Mr. Johnson declared for BBC newsEven if there were dope of positive changes upon Londons 2012 economy, negative aspects were visible too.Furthermore, another impact of the games was the diversity of Stratford area and the surroundings. The London Development Agencys target besides regenerating was to develop this zone for 30 years after the Olympics. Moreover, thousands of new low-priced houses were built around the Olympic Park as it is stated in a report made by British LibraryAlthough there were plenty of positive changes upon Londons 2012 economy, negative aspects were visible too. One of the negative impacts is that the economy grew only by 1% when everyone expected it to grow very much more than it did. The hospitality industry presumed this summer will be the most prosperous because of the mega event, but in fact, it was proved to be an unpleasant surprise and most of the hotels were drop off as one hotelier declared for Daily Mail newspaperAlso, The British Museum has reported a considerable decrease in the number of visitors, in comparison with the past years, London being described as a ghost town this time of the year. Besides hospitality industry, which has not gained as much as it was expected to, also the taxi business suffered a great loss because the demand for cabs decreased by about 20-40% as the general escritoire of the Licensed Taxi Drivers, Steve McNamara Association declared in The Independent newspaper.Londons 2012 Olympic s and Paralympics had likewise a huge impact upon Londons social life. The decision of hosting the 2012 Olympics had mostly positive effects upon London. First of all, hosting the games stimulated people to discover more of Londons national treasures such as museums, monuments and allege tourists about the unique places that London has to offer. Moreover, another social change that took place was encouraging people to take part in more cultural programmes and activities and claim the international audience about the culture of Great Britain as it was stated in Meta-Evaluation of the Impacts and Legacy of the London 2012 Olympic Games and Paralympic Games report.Also, another positive aspect of re-create the Olympics is referring to social actions and volunteering. Analyses showed an increase in the volunteering and community activities, people being come ond to participate in volunteering programmes co-operating to help developing the society, focusing on the preparations for th e most waited event, London 2012 Olympics and Paralympics. Another positive change upon Londons social life would be that Olympics will enhance and support sports activities and will invest in facilities to encourage people take part in sports activities for a healthier life.One of the negative impacts against Londons social life was the fact that the city became very crowded because tourists from all over the world came to London this summer to attend the mega event. Furthermore, another negative aspect was that the quantity of litter increased taking into attachment that the number of tourists increased that much and nevertheless, hosting the games increased also the quantity of pollution. Another negative aspect would be the fact that many buildings such as schools and campuses were demolish to build instead of them the venues for the Olympic Games and people were forced to move from the Olympic Park area.In conclusion, 2012 Olympics and Paralympics had a significant impact on Londons tourism. Since 2005, Londons tourism experienced three phases. Firstly, after July 2005 when United Kingdom won the bid to host the Olympics in 2012, tourism in London increased, visitor coming to see the hosting city of the 2012 Olympic Games. Secondly, the most important phase, during the Olympics, when millions of tourists came to London to attend the most waited event for the United Kingdom, which boosted the industry of tourism in London. Besides amplifying the tourism industry, the Olympics had also a substantial effect upon the economy, the society and the environment. The statistics reported that after the Olympics the economy grew by 1% percent, but also the social and environmental impacts were notable because hosting the games led to regenerate and develop one of the poorest areas of London and transformed it into a main attraction zone for visitors. The last phase of the Olympics impact upon Londons tourism represents the period after hosting the games. Although the benefits of hosting the 2012 Olympics and Paralympics were not as significant as everyone thought, they had a huge impact upon Londons tourism, remain known as the greenest games in history.

Challenging the Identity of the Family in What Maisie Knew by Henry Jam

Challenging the Identity of the Familyin What Maisie K stark naked Although Henry James did not delay himself exclusively to the scope of literary themes facing America, in his novel What Maisie Knew, he did challenge the changing identity of the modern family.At the turn of the century, the dynamics of the family excogitation became an important theme in American literature due to such issues as the increased social mobility of the industrial age, the new emerging independence of women, and a modern view that lent itself to challenging tradition.For many of James contemporaries, Edith Wharton, for example, a colleague and friend of James, this theme became the focus of works like The Other Two.In this work, the new bureaus facing the family illustrate themselves through the central agent of the child, who remains the focus for bringing these circumstances to light.While the child never enters the action of the story, she becomes the catalyst that brings near the adult confron tations that shape, not necessarily for the better, the identity of the family.In James novel, though set in Europe and intended to present an extreme case, the same type of situation remains.The focus for this work, however, targets the psychology of the child.James proves more interested in the effect that the dynamics of the modern family have on the children than on the issues themselves.The situations that the members of Maisies family create force her into a number of roles that strip the innocence of her youth and quickly introduce her to the corrupt reality of adulthood. Although Maisie must encounter situations that, at first, are apparently beyond her control, she quickl... ...lues attached by the narrator and the other characters in the novel, as well as Maisies own actions, we can trace her understanding and her ability to affect her situation throughout the novel. Her own understanding Maisie never entirely reveals until the end of the novel, but we can see that she d eserves more credit than she receives. What Maisie Knew. Ricks, Christopher (ed. and introd.). New York, NY Penguin 2010.

The Birthmark Essay -- essays research papers fc

&65279 A Story of hunch over and ScienceA Story of Love and ScienceNathaniel Hawthorne is a nineteenth century AmericanNovelist whose works are deeply concerned with the ethicalproblems of sin, punish handst, and atonement (Adams 168). The NewEngland writer also handles the romanticistic theme very well and is amaster of historical fiction. Hawthorne was a descendant of oneof the judges at the Salem witch trials, and he suffice many of hisworks in Puritan New England and during early crises in Americanhistory (Encarta).The Birthmark, like many of Hawthornes stories deals withthe relationship between men and women. It is a love story wherethe quest for perfection leads to a tragic end. The protagonist,a scientist named Aylmer, attempts to attain perfection for hisnew wife Georgiana, by removing a birthmark resembling a smallhand from her left cheek. Written in 1843, it was Hawthornesfirst work of fiction right after he married his wife, Sophia(Encarta). This adds learning to the story in a way that Hawthornecan relate to it in a more direct manner. It was written duringthe Old Manse period in Hawthornes life (July 1842 to October1845) when he was becoming interested in the place in society ofthe artist. In The Birthmark Hawthorne finishes by givingcredit to the flaws and imperfections of serviceman nature. The story shows Hawthornes opinion that some things thatwere created by God cannot be changed. This can be seen from anarticle in the American Magazine of Useful and entertainKnowledge in 1836 where he stated the Creator has absolutelydebarred mankind from all inventions and discoveries, the resultsof which would counter act the general laws, that He hasestablished over merciful affairs, (Adams 169). In The Birthmark, Hawthorne uses the obsession of thescientist Aylmer who wishes to combine the love he has forscience with the love for his wife. Aylmer sees the birthmark onhis wifes cheek of an imperfection and a symbol of mansmortality. Aylmer is desc ribed in terms of high praise, praisefor his aspiration toward the infinite, for his pure andhonorable love that will accept nothing little than perfection(Jones 193). Aylmers effort in removi... ...st die, as Georgiana does.In The Birthmark Hawthorne presents a love story thatbrings forth the larger idea of mans quest for perfection. Heconcludes that the perfect love and the perfect wife cannot beattained through mans own actions. Hawthorne used his knowledgeof transcendentalism to put forth the idea that man could use hisknowledge and abilities to overcome nature. The storys tragicending shows that science cannot change mans basic nature andthat some things should not be messed with. Love and sciencesometimes do not mix. Works CitedAdams, Richard. N.p. n.p., 1958. Rpt. in Short StoryCriticism. Ed. Sheila Fitzgerald. Vol. 3. Detroit Gale,1989. 169-170Hawthorne, Nathaniel. The Celestrial railway system and Other Stories. New York Signet, 1963.Jones, Madison. Variations on a Hawt horne Theme. Studies in Short Fiction. 15.3 (1978) 227-83Nathaniel Hawthorne. Microsoft Encarta Encylopedia 99. CD-ROM. N.p. n.p, 1999.Wohlpart, James. Allegories of Art, Allegories of HeartHawthornes Egotism and The Christmas Banquet. Studiesin Short Fiction. 31.3 (1994) 449-95.